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Topfreedom in Canada
Topfreedom in Canada has largely been an attempt to combat the interpretation of indecency laws that considered a woman's breasts to be indecent, and therefore their exhibition in public an offence. In British Columbia, it is a historical issue dating back to the 1930s and the public protests against materialistic lifestyle held by the radical religious sect of the Freedomites, whose pacifist beliefs led to their exodus from Russia to Canada at the end of the 19th century. The ''Svobodniki'' became famous for their public nudity: mostly for their nude marches in public and the acts of arson committed also in the nude.〔
== Law ==
In Canada, the law on public decency is found in sections 173 and 174 of the Criminal Code.〔(Section 173(1)(a) of the Criminal Code provides, in part - Indecent acts - 173. (1) Every one who wilfully does an indecent act (a) in a public place in the presence of one or more persons...is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction. )〕 However, what constitutes an indecent act is not defined, and is open to interpretation by the courts.
In 1991, toplessness as an indecent act was challenged by Gwen Jacob in Guelph, Ontario, who removed her shirt and was charged with indecency. Part of her defense was the double standards between men and women. Although she was convicted, this was overturned by the Court of Appeal. This case determined that being topless is not indecent within the meaning of the Criminal Code. However, it did not establish any constitutional right of equality. This case subsequently led to the acquittal of women in British Columbia and Saskatchewan who faced similar charges. Although each Province and Territory technically reserves its right to interpret the law as it pleases, the Ontario case has proved influential. Since the matter has not been determined by the Supreme Court of Canada, it is still possible that a woman could be convicted elsewhere in Canada, but interpretation of moral law in Canada has become increasingly liberalised.〔Valverde, Mariana (1999). ("The Harms of Sex and the Risks of Breasts: Obscenity and Indecency in Canadian Law" ). ''Social Legal Studies'' 1999; (8): 181.〕 There do not appear to have been any further women charged in Canada since these cases were decided.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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